Transfer of learning
Transfer of learning is when you take something you learned in one place and use it to solve a new, different problem somewhere else. It is the real point of studying. Not just passing one test, but being able to use what you know later.
You can pass a test by memorizing answers and still not really get it. Transfer is the harder, more useful thing. It means the idea sticks well enough that you can pull it out in a new situation the teacher never showed you.
People often split it into two kinds. Near transfer is using a skill on a problem that looks a lot like the one you practiced. Far transfer is using it somewhere that looks completely different, like a real job or another subject. Near transfer is common. Far transfer is rare and usually needs you to practice on purpose with mixed, varied problems.
If your goal is real understanding, study for transfer. Mix up your practice, ask yourself why something works, and try the idea on fresh examples instead of rereading the same notes.
Maya learned how to set up a chemistry equation for her exam and aced it. A month later in physics, a problem needed the same balancing logic. She spotted it and solved it on her own. That is transfer. She used an old idea in a brand new spot.