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1. 1. When a museum label reads acquired 1897, the date does a quiet kind of work. It fixes attention on the moment of transfer and away from everything that made the transfer possible: the gunboat in the harbor, the treaty signed under duress, the market that had already priced the object before it left the shrine. Curators who defend such labels say they record only what can be documented. But a record that documents the buyer and not the taking is not neutral. It is a decision about which part of the story deserves a date. Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?

   • A. Museums should return the objects they acquired during colonial rule.
   • B. Curators knowingly falsify the provenance records of objects in their collections.
   • C. An acquisition date presents a selective account of an object's history as though it were a neutral one.
   • D. Reliable documentation is impossible for objects taken before the twentieth century.
   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: C. An acquisition date presents a selective account of an object's history as though it were a neutral one.

   This is a foundations of comprehension question, main idea. The last two sentences decide it: the record is not neutral, and the date is a choice about which part of the story counts. The return of objects is never mentioned, so that choice is out of scope. Knowing falsification is too extreme, since the author says the labels record what can be documented and objects to what gets left out, not to lying. The last choice states an impossibility the passage never claims.

2. 2. Every generation of critics announces that the last one asked the wrong questions, and every generation is partly right. The formalists were correct that a poem is made of words and not of the poet's biography. Their successors were correct that words do not sit still. What neither camp admits is how much of the quarrel is procedural, a matter of which evidence a critic is permitted to bring into the room. Read the manifestos side by side and the shared assumptions outnumber the disputed ones, though you would never guess that from the footnotes. The author's attitude toward these critical quarrels is best described as:

   • A. Sharply contemptuous of both camps
   • B. Neutral and purely descriptive
   • C. Admiring of the advances each generation made
   • D. Wry and unimpressed by the scale of the disagreement
   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: D. Wry and unimpressed by the scale of the disagreement

   This is a foundations of comprehension question about tone. The closing clause, that you would never guess it from the footnotes, is dry rather than angry, and the author grants each camp a real point, so contempt is too extreme. Purely descriptive misses the evaluation running through the whole passage. Admiring is half right, since the author does credit both sides, but the point of the passage is that the fight is smaller than it looks.

3. 3. Complete the sentence.

   Oral historians once treated memory as a flawed substitute for the archive, valuable only where documents had gone missing. The newer view treats forgetting itself as evidence: what a community declines to repeat marks the shape of an injury as clearly as what it chooses to record. On this reading the interview is not a _____ source but a different kind of source, one that reports on the present at least as much as on the past.

   Opcje do luki 1: primary, written, deficient, contemporary

   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: deficient

   This is a foundations of comprehension question about the meaning of a word in context. The first sentence sets up the old view, memory as a flawed substitute, and the last sentence rejects it with a contrast between quality and kind: not worse, just different. Only deficient carries that judgment. Primary, written and contemporary are all classifications rather than criticisms, so none of them is the thing the newer view is refusing.

4. 4. Utilitarians hold that an act is right if it produces the greatest total well-being. Critics answer with the transplant case: a surgeon could save five patients by killing one healthy visitor, and the arithmetic approves. Almost nobody accepts that conclusion. Defenders reply that a world in which surgeons behave this way would soon have no patients willing to walk into a hospital, so the rule forbidding the killing maximizes well-being after all. The reply is clever. It also concedes the critics' real point, which is that the arithmetic alone was never doing the moral work. The second paragraph functions primarily to:

   • A. Introduce a fresh objection that the first paragraph had not raised
   • B. Supply historical background for the transplant case
   • C. Restate the first paragraph in more technical language
   • D. Present a defense of the theory and then turn that defense against it
   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: D. Present a defense of the theory and then turn that defense against it

   This is a reasoning within the text question about the function of a paragraph. The paragraph gives the defenders their answer and then says it concedes the critics' point, so it does two jobs and the second one is the author's. No new objection appears, since the objection is still the transplant case from paragraph one. There is no history in the passage at all, and nothing is merely restated, because the paragraph moves the argument forward.

5. 5. The claim that printing caused the Reformation rests on a tidy sequence: presses spread, pamphlets multiplied, doctrine changed. Yet the presses were busiest in cities that were already arguing about the church, and the same technology in Spain produced almost no reformist literature at all. The correlation is real. The causal arrow is not obvious. A technology does not choose its own uses, and the historian who forgets that will find the printing press explaining whatever the century happened to do. The author's argument depends on which of the following assumptions? Select all that apply.

   Zaznacz wszystkie pasujące odpowiedzi.

   • A. A case in which the technology spread without producing the outcome is relevant to judging the causal claim.
   • B. A correlation between two developments is not by itself enough to show that one caused the other.
   • C. The printing press had no effect at all on religious change in Europe.
   • D. Conditions already present in a place can shape what a new technology gets used for.
   • E. Spanish printers were less technically skilled than their German counterparts.
   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: A. A case in which the technology spread without producing the outcome is relevant to judging the causal claim., B. A correlation between two developments is not by itself enough to show that one caused the other., D. Conditions already present in a place can shape what a new technology gets used for.

   This is a reasoning within the text question about unstated assumptions. The Spain example only counts as evidence if a case without the outcome bears on the causal claim, and the whole passage turns on correlation not settling causation. The point that presses were busiest where the argument was already under way assumes local conditions steer use. The no effect at all choice is too extreme, since the author says the arrow is not obvious rather than absent, and skill in Spain is a detail the passage never raises.

6. 6. Defenders of the standard concert program argue that audiences want the familiar, and they point to the box office: halls fill for Beethoven and empty for almost anything written after 1950. The figure is accurate. It is also a poor test of the claim, because the programming decides in advance which unfamiliar works get a hearing at all, and then books them late in the season, in smaller rooms, without the marketing the warhorses receive. A preference measured only under the conditions that produce it explains very little. The author's main objection to the box office evidence is that:

   • A. The conditions under which the preference is measured are set by the very practice the evidence is meant to justify.
   • B. The ticket figures the defenders cite are not accurate.
   • C. Audiences in fact prefer new music to the older repertoire.
   • D. Concert halls built after 1950 are too small to hold large audiences.
   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: A. The conditions under which the preference is measured are set by the very practice the evidence is meant to justify.

   This is a reasoning within the text question about the strength of support. The decisive sentence is the last one: the measurement is contaminated by the practice it is supposed to defend. The accuracy choice is directly contradicted, since the author concedes the figure is accurate. The claim that audiences prefer new music is stronger than anything the author says, and the small rooms detail is about scheduling of new works, not about when the halls were built.

7. 7. Translators speak of a text's grain, the resistance it offers to being carried across. A sentence with little grain slides into the new language and leaves no mark, and the reader forgets there was ever another version. High grain does the opposite. Idioms sit awkwardly, rhythms refuse to line up, and the translator has to decide whether to sand the surface smooth or to leave the roughness visible as a sign that the reader is a guest in someone else's house. In the passage, to sand the surface smooth most nearly means to:

   • A. Shorten the text so that it reads more quickly
   • B. Choose a more literal, word for word rendering
   • C. Make the translation read as though it had been written in the new language
   • D. Correct factual errors that appear in the original
   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: C. Make the translation read as though it had been written in the new language

   This is a foundations of comprehension question about the meaning of a phrase in context. The alternative given in the same sentence, leaving the roughness visible so the reader feels foreign, fixes the meaning of the other option by contrast. Word for word is the opposite move, since literalism is what makes idioms sit awkwardly. Shortening and correcting errors are both true things translators sometimes do, but neither is what this sentence sets against visible roughness.

8. 8. Complete the sentence.

   Ethnographers who spend years in one village often report a discovery that embarrasses their training: the informants have theories too. They explain their own kinship rules, and the explanations are neither naive nor identical to the anthropologist's. Treating those accounts as raw data to be interpreted, rather than as _____ to be argued with, quietly reserves the work of thinking for the visitor. The fieldworker's authority then rests less on evidence than on _____.

   Opcje do luki 1: claims, rituals, errors, artifacts

   Opcje do luki 2: fluency, position, patience

   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: claims, position

   This is a reasoning within the text question, since both blanks turn on how the author's argument is built. The contrast is between raw data, which you interpret, and something you can disagree with, and only claims can be argued with. The second blank follows from reserving the thinking for the visitor: if the informants' theories are ruled out in advance, what is left holding up the authority is who the fieldworker is rather than what the evidence shows.

9. 9. Cities preserve buildings for two different reasons that are often confused. One is aesthetic: the facade is worth looking at, and losing it would make the street poorer. The other is evidentiary: the building is the only surviving record of how a group of people lived, and no drawing or photograph replaces standing inside it. The second reason can protect an ugly building. It can also fail to protect a beautiful one, if a dozen near identical examples survive elsewhere in better condition. Based on the author's second reason, preservation would be most strongly justified for which of the following?

   • A. A handsome nineteenth century bank facade of a type found in many cities
   • B. A modern office tower that architects admire and photographers visit often
   • C. A ruined chapel already recorded in a complete set of measured drawings
   • D. A plain, poorly built shed that is the last standing example of a migrant labor camp
   Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

   Odpowiedź: D. A plain, poorly built shed that is the last standing example of a migrant labor camp

   This is a reasoning beyond the text question, applying the author's distinction to new cases. The evidentiary reason turns on being the only surviving record, which the shed is and the common bank facade is not. The office tower is defended by the aesthetic reason, which the question does not ask about. The chapel is the case the author explicitly weakens, since full documentation is what the evidentiary reason cares about.

10. 10. The great man account of scientific change survives because it is easy to narrate. A single mind sees what everyone else missed, and the textbook gets a chapter title. Against it stands the pattern of simultaneous discovery: calculus, natural selection, the telephone, each arriving from more than one direction within a few years. If the problem, the instruments and the shared literature were ripe, the argument runs, some competent person was going to solve it, and the name attached is an accident of the calendar. Which finding, if true, would most weaken the argument made against the great man account?

    • A. Several celebrated cases of simultaneous discovery turn out to be separated by more than a decade and to differ substantially in content.
    • B. Many important discoveries were made by research teams rather than by individuals.
    • C. Textbooks devote more space to the biography of scientists than to their methods.
    • D. Scientific instruments improved unusually quickly during the nineteenth century.
    Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

    Odpowiedź: A. Several celebrated cases of simultaneous discovery turn out to be separated by more than a decade and to differ substantially in content.

    This is a reasoning beyond the text question of the weaken type. The case against the great man account rests entirely on simultaneous discovery, so removing the simultaneity removes the evidence. Teams instead of individuals cuts against the lone genius, so it strengthens the same side. The textbook choice is about how history gets written, not about how discovery happens, and faster instruments support the ripeness claim the author is defending.

11. 11. Museums report record attendance and conclude that public interest in art is rising. Attendance counts admissions, though, and not interest. A traveling blockbuster, a free evening, a cruise ship in the harbor and a good lobby cafe all raise the number without anyone looking at a painting a moment longer. If the claim is about interest, the evidence has to survive the removal of every reason to walk into a museum that is not the art. By the standard the author sets, which findings would strengthen the museums' conclusion? Select all that apply.

    Zaznacz wszystkie pasujące odpowiedzi.

    • A. Attendance rose in years with no blockbuster exhibition and no change in admission pricing.
    • B. The average time visitors spent in front of individual works rose along with attendance.
    • C. Museum cafes and gift shops reported higher revenue per visitor.
    • D. Admissions grew fastest in the cities that had opened new cruise terminals.
    • E. Membership renewals by residents of the museums' own cities rose over the same period.
    Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

    Odpowiedź: A. Attendance rose in years with no blockbuster exhibition and no change in admission pricing., B. The average time visitors spent in front of individual works rose along with attendance., E. Membership renewals by residents of the museums' own cities rose over the same period.

    This is a reasoning beyond the text question about new evidence. The author's test is whether the rise survives once the non-art reasons are stripped out, so growth without a blockbuster or a price change, longer looking, and repeat commitment from locals all pass it. Higher spending in the cafe is the author's own example of a confounding attraction, and growth concentrated near cruise terminals is the tourism explanation rather than the interest one.

12. 12. Historians of the plague once wrote as though the mortality figures spoke for themselves. A third of a population dies, labor grows scarce, wages rise, serfdom weakens. The chain looks mechanical. But wages rose in England and did not rise across much of eastern Europe, where landlords met the same shortage by binding peasants more tightly to the land. Demography set the problem. It did not write the answer. What decided the outcome was who already held the power to respond, and that varied by region. The two short sentences, demography set the problem and it did not write the answer, serve mainly to:

    • A. Concede that the mortality figures are unreliable
    • B. State the general principle that the eastern European contrast is offered to support
    • C. Introduce a new topic that the passage then abandons
    • D. Summarize the mechanical chain described in the opening sentences
    Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

    Odpowiedź: B. State the general principle that the eastern European contrast is offered to support

    This is a reasoning within the text question about the function of a sentence. The England and eastern Europe contrast is the evidence, and these two sentences are the lesson drawn from it, which the final sentence then spells out. The author never questions the figures themselves, only what follows from them. Nothing is abandoned, and the sentences reject the mechanical chain rather than summarizing it.

13. 13. Complete the sentence.

    Critics of the term folk art point out that it names a position rather than a style. The objects it gathers have almost nothing in common with one another, and everything in common in how they arrived at the museum: made outside the academies, collected by outsiders, exhibited without the maker's own account of the work. The category is therefore best read as a record of _____ rather than as a description of what the objects are.

    Opcje do luki 1: technique, geography, reception, chronology

    Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

    Odpowiedź: reception

    This is a reasoning within the text question, since the blank has to match the argument the paragraph just made. Every shared feature the author lists is about how the objects were found, collected and displayed, which is reception rather than anything in the objects. Technique is ruled out by the sentence saying the objects have nothing in common with one another, and neither geography nor chronology appears in the list at all.

14. 14. Public apologies for historical wrongs are often dismissed as cheap, on the grounds that the speaker risks nothing and the dead gain nothing. The objection assumes that the audience is the dead. It is not. An apology issued by a state is a statement about what that state will now count as a wrong, made in front of the people who have to live under its judgments. Whether it is cheap depends on what it commits the speaker to afterward, and that is a question about the future rather than the past. The author's primary purpose is to:

    • A. Show that state apologies reliably lead to concrete reparations
    • B. Argue that historical wrongs cannot fairly be judged by present standards
    • C. Reject a common objection by showing that it misidentifies who is being addressed
    • D. Describe the wording that official apologies typically use
    Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

    Odpowiedź: C. Reject a common objection by showing that it misidentifies who is being addressed

    This is a foundations of comprehension question about the author's purpose. The structure gives it away: an objection is stated, then the assumption inside it is named and denied, then the real audience is identified. Reliably leading to reparations is far stronger than the passage, which says only that the answer depends on later commitments. Judging the past by present standards is a different debate, and no actual wording is described.

15. 15. A canon is not a list of the best books. It is a list of the books a culture has agreed to keep arguing about. That is why a work can enter the canon by being attacked, and why a novel everyone admires and nobody rereads slips quietly out of it. The test is not praise. The test is continued use: does anyone still have to answer this book in order to say what they think? By the author's test, which of the following would count as evidence that a work belongs to the canon? Select all that apply.

    Zaznacz wszystkie pasujące odpowiedzi.

    • A. Scholars publish sustained refutations of the book decades after it first appeared.
    • B. The book won the most prestigious literary prize of its year.
    • C. New writers structure their own books as replies to it.
    • D. The book outsold every other novel of its decade.
    • E. Critics who dislike the book still assign it so that they can argue with it.
    Pokaż odpowiedź i wyjaśnienie

    Odpowiedź: A. Scholars publish sustained refutations of the book decades after it first appeared., C. New writers structure their own books as replies to it., E. Critics who dislike the book still assign it so that they can argue with it.

    This is a reasoning beyond the text question, applying a stated criterion to new cases. The author's test is continued use, and refutation, imitation in the form of reply, and hostile teaching are all cases of people having to answer the book. A prize and high sales are both forms of praise or popularity at a single moment, and the passage separates those from the test on purpose, since a book everyone admires can still drop out.

O co naprawdę pyta cię sekcja MCAT CARS

CARS to ta sekcja MCAT, która nie sprawdza żadnych nauk ścisłych. Dostajesz 9 tekstów źródłowych i 53 pytania w 90 minut, co daje mniej więcej dziesięć minut na tekst wraz z pytaniami. Teksty mają po kilkaset słów i pochodzą z nauk humanistycznych i społecznych: filozofii, etyki, historii, krytyki literackiej, kulturoznawstwa, historii sztuki i muzyki. Wszystko, co potrzebne do odpowiedzi, siedzi wewnątrz tekstu. Jeśli pytanie wydaje się wymagać faktu z twoich zajęć, to znak, że wniosłeś coś, czego tekst nigdy nie powiedział. Jak każda inna sekcja, CARS jest punktowana od 118 do 132, a wyniki czterech sekcji sumują się do wyniku łącznego między 472 a 528. Szczegóły formatu bywają aktualizowane, więc traktuj opublikowany przez AAMC zarys jako źródło rozstrzygające i sprawdź go, zanim zaufasz jakiejkolwiek liczbie ze strony przygotowawczej, także z tej.

AAMC dzieli pytania CARS na trzy kategorie, a świadomość, na którą właśnie patrzysz, zmienia sposób odpowiadania. Podstawy rozumienia, około 30 procent sekcji, pytają, co tekst mówi: jaka jest myśl przewodnia, co znaczy dane wyrażenie w kontekście, jaki jest ton autora. Rozumowanie wewnątrz tekstu, kolejne około 30 procent, pyta, jak tekst jest zbudowany: po co jest dany akapit, co autor założył, nie mówiąc tego wprost, czy przedstawione poparcie wystarczy, żeby udźwignąć tezę. Rozumowanie poza tekstem, około 40 procent, to największa grupa i ta, którą się niedocenia. Podsuwa ci coś, o czym tekst nigdy nie wspominał: nowy przypadek, nowy dowód, zupełnie inną dziedzinę, i każe przenieść na to argument autora albo powiedzieć, co by go osłabiło.

Dwie rzeczy w CARS zaskakują. Pierwsza jest taka, że szerokie czytanie pomaga mniej, niż się wydaje, a mocne poglądy nie pomagają wcale. Znajomy temat kusi, żeby odpowiadać z pamięci, a tekst broniący czegoś, co uważasz za błędne, kusi, żeby odpowiadać ze sprzeciwu. Jedno i drugie kosztuje punkty. Druga jest taka, że błędne odpowiedzi nie są przypadkowe. Większość jest blisko: zbyt skrajna wobec tego, co autor naprawdę powiedział, prawdziwa w świecie, ale nigdy w tekście nie stwierdzona, trafna co do połowy zdania albo poprawna, tyle że odpowiadająca na pytanie, którego nikt nie zadał. Nauczenie się tych czterech kształtów jest warte więcej niż nauczenie się jakiejkolwiek treści, bo wracają przy każdym tekście.

Jak korzystać z tej próbki

Ta próbka daje ci 15 pytań przy 15 krótkich fragmentach, więc wymienia wytrzymałość przy długich tekstach prawdziwej sekcji na pokrycie typów pytań. Każdy fragment ma od 70 do 110 słów i został napisany przez zespół StudyPDF w rejestrze, którego używa CARS. Nie są to prawdziwe teksty z MCAT ani zadania AAMC. Skład odpowiada prawdziwym kategoriom: część pytań pyta, co tekst mówi, część, jak zbudowany jest argument, część podsuwa nowy przypadek albo nowe ustalenie i każe na nim rozumować. Trzy pytania to uzupełnianie luki, gdzie brakujące słowo jest tym, które niesie stanowisko autora, a to dobry sposób na ćwiczenie wyczucia zastrzeżeń, kwalifikatorów i różnicy między mocną a wyważoną tezą.

Rozwiąż całość za jednym razem, bez notatek i bez czytania w kółko. Potem przeczytaj każde wyjaśnienie, także do pytań, które masz dobrze, bo dobra odpowiedź trafiona złą drogą się nie powtórzy. Każde wyjaśnienie wskazuje zdanie, które rozstrzyga pytanie, i mówi, dlaczego pozostałe opcje zawodzą. Śledź kształt swoich pomyłek, a nie ich liczbę. Dwie pomyłki na zbyt skrajnych odpowiedziach to inny problem niż dwie pomyłki na odpowiedziach spoza zakresu, i inaczej się je naprawia. Pierwsze oznacza, że zaokrąglasz autora w górę, czytając ostrożną tezę jak śmiałą. Drugie oznacza, że odpowiadasz z własnej wiedzy zamiast ze strony, którą masz przed sobą.

Poza próbką ludzie poprawiają się w CARS przez ilość plus omawianie, a to omawianie robi całą robotę. Przerób tekst, a potem, zanim cokolwiek sprawdzisz, napisz jedno zdanie o tym, jaka była teza autora, i jedno o tym, z czym autor polemizował. Jeśli nie umiesz napisać tych dwóch zdań, pomyłki były pomyłkami czytania, a nie pomyłkami w pytaniach. Czytaj trudną literaturę faktu na tematy, które cię nie obchodzą, bo to najbliższy codzienny odpowiednik tekstu z CARS. Z czasem ćwicz pełne sekcje na czas, bo ta sekcja jest po części testem wytrzymałości, a dziewięć tekstów pod rząd to zupełnie nie to samo co dziewięć tekstów rozłożonych na tydzień.

Jak StudyPDF buduje ćwiczenia CARS z twoich własnych materiałów

Piętnaście pytań pokaże ci, których nawyków czytelniczych brakuje. Nie zbudują wytrzymałości, której wymaga prawdziwa sekcja, a żaden stały zestaw pytań nie działa dłużej, gdy już znasz odpowiedzi. CARS to ta sekcja, w której dopływ świeżych tekstów liczy się najbardziej, bo ponowne czytanie tekstu, do którego znasz już odpowiedź, prawie niczego nie uczy.

StudyPDF pracuje na materiale, który przynosisz. Wgraj swój podręcznik przygotowawczy do MCAT, zeszyt ćwiczeń do CARS, własne lektury z kursu albo dowolny gęsty artykuł, na którym chcesz poćwiczyć, a Bo, agent do nauki, zbuduje z tych konkretnych stron pytania ćwiczeniowe. Każde wyjaśnienie wskazuje, skąd pochodzi odpowiedź, więc gdy któraś opcja wygląda na dyskusyjną, możesz wrócić prosto do źródła. Możesz generować nowe zestawy tak często, jak chcesz, i celować nimi w jedną umiejętność, na przykład niewypowiedziane założenia albo pytania o osłabienie argumentu, żeby ćwiczyć kategorię, na której ciągle tracisz punkty.

Nie potrzebujesz żadnego dokumentu. Jeśli nie masz czego wgrać, podaj zamiast tego temat, na przykład spory o etykę pamięci albo dziewiętnastowieczną literaturę podróżniczą, a Bo napisze na nim tekst i pytania. Zaczynasz za darmo. Wszystko na tej stronie to ćwiczenie przed egzaminem, napisane przez zespół StudyPDF na podstawie publicznie ogłoszonych kategorii pytań CARS. To nie są wskazówki medyczne, to nie jest prawdziwy materiał egzaminacyjny, a StudyPDF nie jest powiązane z AAMC ani z żadnym twórcą testów.