AP Human Geography studieguide

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Alle 15 spørgsmål i overblik

Vil du hellere læse, før du går i gang? Alle spørgsmål i smagsprøven står herunder. Svar og forklaringer er foldet sammen, indtil du åbner dem.

1. 1. Which statement describes relative location?

   • A. The exact latitude and longitude of a place
   • B. The name given to a place by its residents
   • C. The position of a place in relation to other places
   • D. The size of a place in square miles
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: C. The position of a place in relation to other places

   Relative location describes where a place sits compared with others, such as being two hours from a port or on a trade route. Absolute location uses coordinates. Relative location can change as roads, rail and technology change, which is why geographers pay attention to it.

2. 2. In the demographic transition model, why does population grow quickly in Stage 2?

   • A. Death rates fall while birth rates stay high
   • B. Birth rates fall while death rates stay high
   • C. Both birth and death rates are very low
   • D. Medical care disappears
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: A. Death rates fall while birth rates stay high

   In Stage 2, better food, sanitation and medicine cut death rates, but families still have many children. The gap between births and deaths produces rapid growth. In Stage 3, birth rates begin to fall, and growth slows.

3. 3. Complete the sentence.

   The _____ is the average number of children a woman is expected to have, and about _____ is the replacement level in countries with low mortality.

   Muligheder for felt 1: infant mortality rate, crude birth rate, dependency ratio, total fertility rate

   Muligheder for felt 2: 1.0, 2.1, 3.5, 5.0

   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: total fertility rate, 2.1

   The total fertility rate counts children per woman, while the crude birth rate counts births per 1,000 people. A rate near 2.1 keeps a population stable without migration in low-mortality countries. Above that the population tends to grow, below it, shrink.

4. 4. Which of these are push factors that lead people to leave a place?

   Vælg alle, der passer.

   • A. Better schools in another country
   • B. Drought and famine
   • C. Armed conflict
   • D. A job offer in a destination city
   • E. Lack of jobs
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: B. Drought and famine, C. Armed conflict, E. Lack of jobs

   Push factors make staying hard: conflict, hunger and unemployment. Better schools and job offers elsewhere are pull factors that attract people to a destination. Many moves involve both a push and a pull.

5. 5. Which term describes migration in which people follow relatives or friends who moved to a place earlier?

   • A. Forced migration
   • B. Transhumance
   • C. Counterurbanization
   • D. Chain migration
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: D. Chain migration

   In chain migration, early migrants send back news and help, and relatives follow. It explains why migrants from the same town often settle in the same neighborhood far away. Forced migration happens against a person's will, as in the Atlantic slave trade or in the case of refugees.

6. 6. A fashion trend that starts in a few large global cities and then reaches smaller cities is an example of:

   • A. Contagious diffusion
   • B. Hierarchical diffusion
   • C. Relocation diffusion
   • D. Environmental determinism
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: B. Hierarchical diffusion

   Hierarchical diffusion moves from places or people with more influence to those with less, often from large cities downward. Contagious diffusion spreads outward from a source to everyone nearby, like a flu. Relocation diffusion happens when the people carrying an idea move.

7. 7. Complete the sentence.

   When two cultures blend traits into a new, distinct practice, geographers call the result _____.

   Muligheder for felt 1: assimilation, syncretism, relic boundary, environmental determinism

   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: syncretism

   Syncretism produces something new, such as a religion that mixes beliefs from two traditions. In assimilation, a group gives up its own traits and adopts those of the majority.

8. 8. Which of the following describes a lingua franca?

   • A. A language spoken by only one ethnic group
   • B. A language used for trade between speakers of different native languages
   • C. A language that no longer has speakers
   • D. A language invented for one television show
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: B. A language used for trade between speakers of different native languages

   A lingua franca lets people with different mother tongues do business or communicate, as English does in aviation and Swahili does across much of East Africa. It does not replace local languages. A language with no speakers is an extinct language.

9. 9. Which of these are centripetal forces in a state?

   Vælg alle, der passer.

   • A. A shared national identity
   • B. Ethnic separatism in one region
   • C. A common language used by most citizens
   • D. Conflict between religious groups
   • E. A national transportation network linking regions
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: A. A shared national identity, C. A common language used by most citizens, E. A national transportation network linking regions

   Centripetal forces pull a country together: identity, infrastructure and a common language. Separatism and religious conflict are centrifugal forces that pull a state apart. Many states have both at once.

10. 10. What is gerrymandering?

    • A. Moving a capital city to a new region
    • B. Dividing a state into smaller states
    • C. Counting a population every ten years
    • D. Drawing electoral district boundaries to favor a party or group
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: D. Drawing electoral district boundaries to favor a party or group

    Gerrymandering shapes districts so that one party wins more seats than its votes would suggest. Two common tactics are packing a rival's voters into a few districts and cracking them across many. A census counts the population, but it is not gerrymandering.

11. 11. Complete the sentence.

    A boundary drawn as a straight line without regard for local features is called a _____ boundary.

    Muligheder for felt 1: geometric, subsequent, antecedent, relic

    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: geometric

    Geometric boundaries follow lines of latitude or longitude, or straight lines between points. They are common in places where colonial powers divided land by agreement. A relic boundary no longer functions but can still be seen in the landscape.

12. 12. In von Thunen's model, which activity is placed closest to the central market?

    • A. Market gardening and dairying
    • B. Livestock ranching
    • C. Shifting cultivation
    • D. Open-pit mining
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: A. Market gardening and dairying

    Perishable, bulky goods like milk and vegetables are costly to ship, so they are produced nearest the market. Land there is expensive, so farmers use it intensively. Ranching sits in the outer ring where land is cheap and can be used extensively.

13. 13. Which are features of commercial agriculture compared with subsistence agriculture?

    Vælg alle, der passer.

    • A. Machinery and large farms are common
    • B. Farm work depends mostly on family labor
    • C. Agribusiness companies often own or contract the farms
    • D. Crops and animals are grown mainly for sale
    • E. Most food is eaten by the farm family
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: A. Machinery and large farms are common, C. Agribusiness companies often own or contract the farms, D. Crops and animals are grown mainly for sale

    Commercial farming produces for markets and uses machinery, large inputs and often corporate ownership. Subsistence farming feeds the farm family and relies on family labor. Real farms often fall in between.

14. 14. In central place theory, the minimum number of customers needed to support a service is called the:

    • A. Range
    • B. Hinterland
    • C. Threshold
    • D. Primacy
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: C. Threshold

    The threshold is the smallest market that keeps a business open. The range is the farthest distance people will travel to use the service. A shop with a small threshold and short range, like a corner store, can exist in a small town.

15. 15. The Human Development Index combines which three kinds of measures?

    • A. Literacy, military size and exports
    • B. Population, land area and rainfall
    • C. Energy use, tourism and tax rates
    • D. Life expectancy, education and income
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: D. Life expectancy, education and income

    The index blends health, knowledge and standard of living into one number. It gives a wider picture than GDP per capita alone. Two countries with the same income can rank differently if one has better schools or health care.

AP Human Geography studieguide: de syv units

AP Human Geography har syv units. Unit 1, at tænke geografisk, er den mindste med omkring 8 til 10 procent af eksamen. Unit 2 til 7 udgør hver omkring 12 til 17 procent: befolkning og migration, kulturelle mønstre og processer, politiske mønstre og processer, landbrug og landlig arealanvendelse, byer og byernes arealanvendelse, og industriel og økonomisk udvikling. Det er næsten en jævn fordeling, så ingen unit er sikker at springe over. Tjek de præcise intervaller i den aktuelle Course and Exam Description.

Kurset er bygget på nogle få idéer, der går igen: målestok, fra lokal til global; rumlige mønstre, altså hvor ting er, og hvorfor; processer som diffusion og migration; og modeller, der forklarer mønstre, som modellen for den demografiske transition, von Thünens ringe og teorien om centrale steder. Lær for hver unit modellen, ét virkeligt sted, hvor den virker, og ét, hvor den svigter. Fritekstdelen belønner præcis det.

Hvad eksamen kræver, og hvordan du bruger øveprøven

Eksamen har to halvdele med samme vægt. Section I er 60 multiple choice-spørgsmål på 1 time, og en god del af dem kommer med et kort, en graf, et billede eller et landskab, du skal læse. Section II er 3 fritekstspørgsmål på 1 time og 15 minutter, og spørgsmålene kommer med nul, ét og to materialer. Mindst ét beder dig arbejde på tværs af målestokke. Tjek College Boards aktuelle eksamensbeskrivelse for det nyeste format, for detaljer kan ændre sig.

Denne øveprøve har 15 spørgsmål på tværs af de syv units. Den tilføjer flere rigtige svar og udfyld de tomme felter, som den rigtige multiple choice ikke bruger, fordi det er sværere at huske et begreb end at genkende det på en liste. Tag den i ét stræk, læs hver forklaring, og lad et forkert svar pege på en unit. Til fritekstdelen skal du øve med et rigtigt kort eller en graf: beskriv mønstret i én sætning, nævn en proces, der forklarer det, og giv ét konkret eksempel med et stednavn.

Sådan laver StudyPDF en studieguide og øveprøver ud fra dine noter

Femten spørgsmål kan vise dig, hvilke units der vakler. De gør dig ikke eksamensklar, og en generel guide passer sjældent til det, din lærer arbejdede med i tre uger.

StudyPDF arbejder ud fra dit eget materiale. Du uploader dit bogkapitel, dine noter eller det repetitionsark, din lærer lagde op, klikker på Nyt materiale, og StudyPDF laver en studieguide og fulde øveprøver ud fra præcis de sider. Hvert spørgsmål bygger på dit materiale, og hver forklaring nævner, hvor svaret kommer fra. Du behøver ikke uploade noget for at komme i gang: du kan også bare nævne et emne, som Unit 4 eller teorien om centrale steder, og Bo sætter det op med nøglebegreberne, så du kan lave materiale om det. Det er gratis at komme i gang.