AP Biology studieguide
Testens spørgsmål er på engelsk.
Det her er en gratis studieguide med en øveprøve på 15 spørgsmål til AP Biology. Læs guiden unit for unit herunder, og test dig selv bagefter på vand og makromolekyler, celler, energi, celledeling, genetik, genekspression, evolution og økologi. Spørgsmålene blander multiple choice, flere rigtige svar og udfyld de tomme felter. Svar på alle 15, og se så din score og læs forklaringen til hvert spørgsmål.
Which property of water, caused by hydrogen bonding between water molecules, helps water rise through the xylem of a tall tree?
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Alle 15 spørgsmål i overblik
Vil du hellere læse, før du går i gang? Alle spørgsmål i smagsprøven står herunder. Svar og forklaringer er foldet sammen, indtil du åbner dem.
1. Which property of water, caused by hydrogen bonding between water molecules, helps water rise through the xylem of a tall tree?
- A. High density when frozen
- B. Nonpolarity
- C. Cohesion
- D. Low heat capacity
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: C. Cohesion
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules to each other, which is cohesion. Together with adhesion to the walls of the xylem, cohesion lets a column of water be pulled upward as water evaporates from the leaves. Water is polar, not nonpolar, and it has a high heat capacity.
2. A plant cell is placed in pure water. The cell will most likely:
- A. Become turgid as water moves in
- B. Plasmolyze as water moves out
- C. Burst immediately
- D. Stay the same because the cell wall blocks water
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: A. Become turgid as water moves in
Pure water is hypotonic to the cell, so water moves in by osmosis. The cell wall resists, which builds turgor pressure and keeps the cell firm without bursting. An animal cell with no wall in the same situation could burst.
3. A competitive inhibitor lowers an enzyme's activity by:
- A. Binding far from the active site and changing its shape
- B. Increasing the substrate concentration
- C. Permanently raising the activation energy of every reaction
- D. Binding to the active site and blocking the substrate
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: D. Binding to the active site and blocking the substrate
A competitive inhibitor resembles the substrate and competes for the active site. Adding more substrate can overcome it. An inhibitor that binds elsewhere and changes the enzyme's shape is noncompetitive.
4. Complete the sentence.
The light reactions take place in the _____ membranes of the chloroplast and produce ATP and _____.
Muligheder for felt 1: thylakoid, stromal, cristae, outer
Muligheder for felt 2: pyruvate, glucose, acetyl-CoA, NADPH
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Svar: thylakoid, NADPH
Thylakoid membranes hold the photosystems and the electron transport chain. They make ATP and NADPH, which the Calvin cycle in the stroma then uses to build sugar. Cristae belong to the mitochondrion, not the chloroplast.
5. In cellular respiration, which stage produces the most ATP per glucose?
- A. Glycolysis
- B. Oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)
- C. Fermentation
- D. The Calvin cycle
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: B. Oxidative phosphorylation (the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis)
Most of the ATP is made when electrons pass down the chain and protons flow back through ATP synthase. Glycolysis nets only a small amount, and fermentation makes none beyond glycolysis. The Calvin cycle belongs to photosynthesis.
6. Which proteins or enzymes work at a DNA replication fork?
Vælg alle, der passer.
- A. Primase
- B. RNA polymerase II
- C. Reverse transcriptase
- D. Helicase
- E. DNA ligase
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: A. Primase, D. Helicase, E. DNA ligase
Helicase unwinds the helix, primase lays down an RNA primer, DNA polymerase extends it, and ligase joins the fragments on the lagging strand. RNA polymerase II transcribes genes, and reverse transcriptase copies RNA into DNA in some viruses.
7. Which checkpoint is the main point at which a cell commits to dividing, depending on its size, nutrients and DNA condition?
- A. The cytokinesis checkpoint
- B. The G1 checkpoint
- C. The anaphase checkpoint
- D. The prophase checkpoint
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: B. The G1 checkpoint
The G1 checkpoint, also called the restriction point, decides whether the cell moves into S phase. Cells that fail it may pause or exit the cycle. Cancer often involves broken checkpoint control, such as a faulty p53 protein.
8. In a cross between two parents that are both AaBb (independent assortment), what phenotypic ratio is expected among offspring?
- A. 3:1
- B. 1:2:1
- C. 1:1:1:1
- D. 9:3:3:1
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: D. 9:3:3:1
A dihybrid cross of two heterozygotes gives nine offspring with both dominant traits, three with one dominant and one recessive, three with the reverse, and one with both recessive. A 3:1 ratio comes from a monohybrid cross.
9. Complete the sentence.
During translation, the ribosome reads mRNA in groups of three nucleotides called _____.
Muligheder for felt 1: anticodons, codons, promoters, introns
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: codons
Each codon specifies an amino acid or a stop signal. The tRNA's anticodon pairs with the matching codon. Introns are removed before translation, and promoters are DNA sequences where transcription begins.
10. In the lac operon of E. coli, what happens when lactose is present?
- A. A lactose derivative binds the repressor, so the genes are transcribed
- B. The repressor binds tightly and blocks transcription
- C. The operator is deleted from the DNA
- D. Translation stops because ribosomes cannot attach
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: A. A lactose derivative binds the repressor, so the genes are transcribed
The lac operon is inducible. A lactose derivative binds the repressor and changes its shape, so it lets go of the operator and RNA polymerase can transcribe the genes that digest lactose. When lactose is gone, the repressor binds the operator again.
11. Which statement correctly describes natural selection?
- A. Individuals change their traits during life and pass those changes on
- B. Populations evolve toward a goal they need
- C. Individuals with heritable traits that help them survive and reproduce leave more offspring
- D. Mutations appear because a population needs them
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: C. Individuals with heritable traits that help them survive and reproduce leave more offspring
Selection acts on variation that already exists and is heritable. It does not make traits appear on demand, and traits gained during one life, like larger muscles, are not inherited. Over generations the favored traits become more common.
12. Which conditions must hold for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Vælg alle, der passer.
- A. A large population
- B. Frequent new mutations
- C. Random mating
- D. No gene flow
- E. Strong directional selection
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: A. A large population, C. Random mating, D. No gene flow
Hardy-Weinberg assumes random mating, no gene flow, no mutation, no natural selection and a very large population. Real populations never meet all five. The model gives a baseline: if allele frequencies move away from it, one of those conditions is being broken.
13. Complete the sentence.
Only about _____ percent of the energy at one trophic level is typically available to the next level.
Muligheder for felt 1: 1, 10, 50, 90
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: 10
Most energy is lost as heat through metabolism or stays in material that is not eaten. The 10 percent figure is a rule of thumb that varies by ecosystem, but it explains why food chains are short and top predators are rare.
14. Which are density-dependent limiting factors on a population?
Vælg alle, der passer.
- A. Competition for food
- B. A volcanic eruption
- C. Spread of disease
- D. A severe freeze
- E. Predation
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: A. Competition for food, C. Spread of disease, E. Predation
Density-dependent factors hit harder as a population becomes more crowded: food competition, disease and predation all fit. Eruptions and freezes affect a population regardless of how many individuals live there, so they are density-independent.
15. In the Calvin cycle, where does carbon fixation occur?
- A. In the thylakoid lumen
- B. In the mitochondrial matrix
- C. In the cytosol
- D. In the stroma of the chloroplast
Vis svar og forklaring
Svar: D. In the stroma of the chloroplast
Rubisco attaches carbon dioxide to RuBP in the stroma. The ATP and NADPH made in the light reactions then power the steps that build sugar. The mitochondrial matrix hosts the citric acid cycle, not carbon fixation.
AP Biology studieguide: de otte units
AP Biology har otte units. I rækkefølge er de livets kemi, cellens opbygning og funktion, celleenergetik, cellekommunikation og cellecyklus, arvelighed, genekspression og regulering, naturlig selektion og økologi. Vægten er ujævn: naturlig selektion er tungest med omkring 13 til 20 procent, mens livets kemi og arvelighed er lettest med omkring 8 til 11 procent. Tjek de præcise intervaller i den aktuelle Course and Exam Description, for College Board kan ændre dem.
Fire store idéer binder unitsene sammen: evolution, energetik, lagring og overførsel af information og samspil mellem systemer. En brugbar studieguide er ikke en liste med fakta. Skriv for hver unit, hvad strukturen gør, hvilken energi eller information der løber igennem den, og hvad der sker, når den ændrer sig. Det sidste spørgsmål bliver fritekstdelen ved med at stille.
Hvad eksamen kræver, og hvordan du bruger øveprøven
Eksamen har to halvdele med samme vægt. Section I er 60 multiple choice-spørgsmål på 90 minutter, og Section II er 6 fritekstspørgsmål på 90 minutter: 2 lange spørgsmål på hver 9 point og 4 korte spørgsmål på hver 4 point. De lange spørgsmål handler om forsøg og data, så du læser grafer, formulerer en hypotese og forklarer, hvad et resultat betyder. College Board stiller også et formelark til rådighed, så brug din kraft på at vide, hvornår du skal bruge en ligning, ikke på at lære den udenad.
Denne øveprøve har 15 spørgsmål på tværs af alle otte units. Den tilføjer flere rigtige svar og udfyld de tomme felter, som den rigtige multiple choice ikke bruger, fordi det er sværere at huske et begreb end at genkende det. Tag den i ét stræk, læs hver forklaring, og se et forkert svar som en pegepind mod en hel unit. Øv fritekstdelen for sig: tag et vilkårligt forsøg, navngiv den uafhængige og den afhængige variabel, og skriv, hvordan dataene ville se ud, hvis din forklaring var forkert.
Sådan laver StudyPDF en studieguide og øveprøver ud fra dine noter
Femten spørgsmål kan vise dig, hvilke units der vakler. De gør dig ikke eksamensklar, og en generel guide passer sjældent til det, din lærer arbejdede med i tre uger.
StudyPDF arbejder ud fra dit eget materiale. Du uploader dit bogkapitel, dine laboratorierapporter eller det repetitionsark, din lærer lagde op, klikker på Nyt materiale, og StudyPDF laver en studieguide og fulde øveprøver ud fra præcis de sider. Hvert spørgsmål bygger på dit materiale, og hver forklaring nævner, hvor svaret kommer fra. Du behøver ikke uploade noget for at komme i gang: du kan også bare nævne et emne, som Unit 3 eller lac-operonet, og Bo sætter det op med nøglebegreberne, så du kan lave materiale om det. Det er gratis at komme i gang.
Skrevet af StudyPDF-teamet. Sidst opdateret 2026-08-19.