Test cosmetology USA: esame scritto

• A. Cleaning
• B. Disinfection
• C. Sterilization
• D. Antisepsis

Risposta: C. Sterilization

Cleaning removes dirt, debris and some germs. Disinfection with an EPA-registered product destroys most pathogens on hard, nonporous surfaces, but it is not guaranteed to destroy bacterial spores. Sterilization destroys every form of microbial life, spores included, and it takes equipment such as an autoclave. Antisepsis means slowing or stopping germs on skin, so it is not a level for tools. Salon tools are normally cleaned and then disinfected, so check what your board requires for each type of tool.

• A. A solid, one-length form
• B. A graduated form with stacked weight
• C. Increased-length layers
• D. Uniform layers

Risposta: D. Uniform layers

The angle the hair is held at (the elevation) decides the form. Hair held at 0 degrees gives a solid, one-length shape, and low elevation of about 45 degrees builds a graduated shape with weight at the perimeter. At 90 degrees every section is cut to the same length, which gives uniform layers. Above 90 degrees the layers lengthen toward the outside, which is an increased-length layer.

• A. Wipe the blood away with a towel and continue the service
• B. Put on gloves, stop the bleeding, clean the cut with an antiseptic and cover it
• C. Rinse the tool under water and finish the service
• D. Ask the client to press a tissue on the cut while the service continues

Risposta: B. Put on gloves, stop the bleeding, clean the cut with an antiseptic and cover it

Bleeding is a blood exposure, so the service stops. Put on gloves, control the bleeding, clean the injury with an antiseptic and cover it with a bandage. Anything that touched the blood is then either thrown away if it is single-use, or cleaned and disinfected with a product that is effective against blood-borne pathogens before it is used again. Contaminated waste goes into a closed container. Your state board publishes its own blood exposure procedure, so learn that version.

• A. A is 100 times as acidic as B
• B. A is 10 times as acidic as B
• C. A is 2 times as acidic as B
• D. A is 1,000 times as acidic as B

Risposta: A. A is 100 times as acidic as B

The pH scale is logarithmic, so each whole number is a tenfold change in acidity. Two units apart is 10 x 10 = 100 times. A pH of 7 is neutral, anything below it is acidic and anything above it is alkaline. Hair and skin are slightly acidic, which is why acidic products tend to smooth the cuticle and strongly alkaline ones swell and lift it.

• A. Cuticle
• B. Medulla
• C. Cortex
• D. Follicle

Risposta: C. Cortex

The cortex is the thick middle layer. It holds the melanin that gives hair its color and the protein bonds that give it strength and stretch, which is why color, perms and relaxers all do their work there. The cuticle is the outer layer of overlapping scales that protects the inside. The medulla is the innermost core and is often missing in fine hair. The follicle is the pocket in the skin that the hair grows from, so it is not a layer of the shaft.

• A. Blue-based
• B. Red-based
• C. Yellow-based
• D. Orange-based

Risposta: A. Blue-based

Colors opposite each other on the color wheel cancel each other out. Blue sits opposite orange, so a blue-based or ash toner neutralizes brassy orange. Violet cancels yellow and green cancels red. Adding red, yellow or orange would only make the warmth stronger.

• A. How porous the client's hair is
• B. Whether the client is allergic or sensitive to the product
• C. How many levels of lift the color will give
• D. Whether the scalp makes too much oil

Risposta: B. Whether the client is allergic or sensitive to the product

A skin test checks for an allergic reaction or sensitivity. A small amount of the product is applied to a spot such as behind the ear or inside the elbow, usually 24 to 48 hours before the service. Itching, redness, swelling or a rash means the color is not used. A strand test is the different test: it shows how the hair will take the color and how long it needs. Follow the manufacturer's directions and your state's rules for how and when to test.

• A. Sudoriferous gland
• B. Arrector pili
• C. Papilla
• D. Sebaceous gland

Risposta: D. Sebaceous gland

Sebaceous glands are attached to hair follicles and release sebum, the skin's natural oil. Sudoriferous glands make sweat. The arrector pili is the tiny muscle that makes a hair stand up, and the papilla is the cluster of tissue at the base of the follicle that feeds the growing hair.

• A. Nail bed
• B. Matrix
• C. Hyponychium
• D. Eponychium

Risposta: B. Matrix

The matrix lies under the skin at the base of the nail, and it is where new nail cells are made. If it is injured, the nail can grow in distorted or not at all. The nail bed supports and feeds the plate, the hyponychium is the skin that seals the space under the free edge, and the eponychium is the living skin at the base of the nail plate, commonly called the cuticle.

Seleziona tutte le risposte corrette.

• A. Wooden orangewood stick
• B. Stainless steel cuticle nippers
• C. Foam nail buffer block
• D. Plastic comb
• E. Cardboard emery board

Risposta: A. Wooden orangewood stick, C. Foam nail buffer block, E. Cardboard emery board

Wood, foam and cardboard are porous, so germs and moisture soak in where a disinfectant cannot reach them. These items are single-use. Stainless steel and hard plastic are nonporous, so after cleaning they can be disinfected for the next client. Some boards let you hand the used item to the client instead of throwing it away, so check your own board's rule.

Seleziona tutte le risposte corrette.

• A. Mild dandruff with no broken skin
• B. Open, weeping sores on the scalp
• C. Slightly dry skin on the elbows
• D. A thickened, yellow nail that crumbles at the edge and may be a fungal infection
• E. Live head lice found on the scalp

Risposta: B. Open, weeping sores on the scalp, D. A thickened, yellow nail that crumbles at the edge and may be a fungal infection, E. Live head lice found on the scalp

Open sores, a suspected fungal nail infection and head lice are contagious or infected conditions. Working on them can spread the problem to the client and to the next client, and diagnosing is outside a cosmetologist's scope, so the safe step is to decline and refer. Mild dandruff and dry skin are common and not contagious, so the service can usually go ahead, often with a suggestion for a suitable product.

Seleziona tutte le risposte corrette.

• A. Hydrogen bonds break with water or heat and re-form as the hair dries or cools
• B. Disulfide bonds are changed by perms and relaxers, so the new shape lasts
• C. Disulfide bonds break every time the hair gets wet
• D. Hydrogen bonds are the strongest bonds in the hair

Risposta: A. Hydrogen bonds break with water or heat and re-form as the hair dries or cools, B. Disulfide bonds are changed by perms and relaxers, so the new shape lasts

Hydrogen bonds are weak and temporary. Water or heat breaks them and they set again in the new shape as the hair dries or cools, which is how wet setting and thermal styling work. Disulfide bonds are much stronger and only chemical services change them, which is why a perm or relaxer is long lasting. Getting hair wet does not break disulfide bonds.

Healthy skin and hair are slightly acidic, with a pH of about _____. A product with a pH well above 7 is _____ and can swell and roughen the cuticle.

Opzioni per lo spazio 1: 2.0 to 3.0, 4.5 to 5.5, 7.0 to 8.0, 10.0 to 11.0

Opzioni per lo spazio 2: acidic, neutral, alkaline, oily

Risposta: 4.5 to 5.5, alkaline

Skin and hair sit at roughly pH 4.5 to 5.5, the slightly acidic range. A pH above 7 is alkaline. Alkaline products swell the hair shaft and lift the cuticle, which is useful in some chemical services and rough on hair when it is overdone. Acidic products tend to close and smooth the cuticle.

A salon disinfectant must be _____ registered, and it only works if the surface stays wet for the full _____ printed on the label.

Opzioni per lo spazio 1: FDA, OSHA, EPA, USDA

Opzioni per lo spazio 2: shelf life, contact time, drying time, expiration date

Risposta: EPA, contact time

In the United States the EPA registers disinfectants, so the label carries an EPA registration number. OSHA sets workplace safety rules, such as safety data sheets and blood exposure rules, but it does not register disinfectants. The contact time is how long the product must stay wet on the surface to kill what the label claims, and wiping it off sooner than that cuts the effect.

New skin cells form in the _____ of the epidermis and slowly move upward until they are shed from the _____.

Opzioni per lo spazio 1: basal layer, stratum corneum, dermis, subcutis

Opzioni per lo spazio 2: stratum corneum, basal layer, dermis, hypodermis

Risposta: basal layer, stratum corneum

The epidermis renews itself from the bottom. Cells divide in the basal layer, the deepest layer of the epidermis, and gradually move toward the surface as they flatten and harden. The outermost layer is the stratum corneum, and the dead cells that reach it are shed. The dermis and the subcutis lie below the epidermis, so they are not part of it.