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Alle 20 kort i dette settet

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1. 1. What is the mnemonic for the names of the cranial nerves in order?

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   On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed A Hop. That gives olfactory (I), optic (II), oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII).

2. 2. What is the second popular mnemonic for the names in order?

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   Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, Ah. The first ten words give O, O, O, T, T, A, F, V, G, V for nerves I to X, and the final Ah gives A and H for accessory and hypoglossal. Use whichever one you remember, but do not mix them.

3. 3. What mnemonic tells you if each nerve is sensory, motor or both?

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   Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. S means sensory, M motor and B both. So I, II and VIII are sensory; III, IV, VI, XI and XII are motor; and V, VII, IX and X are both.

4. 4. CN I: name and function?

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   The olfactory nerve carries the sense of smell. It is sensory only. Its fibers pass through the holes of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, from the nose up to the olfactory bulb.

5. 5. CN II: name and function?

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   The optic nerve carries vision from the retina to the brain. It is sensory only. It is also the afferent (incoming) limb of the pupillary light reflex.

6. 6. CN III: name and function?

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   The oculomotor nerve supplies most of the muscles that move the eye, and the muscle that lifts the upper eyelid. It also carries parasympathetic fibers that constrict the pupil. It is mainly motor.

7. 7. CN IV: name and function?

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   The trochlear nerve supplies one muscle, the superior oblique, which turns the eye down when it looks toward the nose and rotates it inward. It is motor, and it is the only cranial nerve that leaves from the back of the brainstem.

8. 8. CN V: name and function?

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   The trigeminal nerve is both sensory and motor. It carries touch, pain and temperature from the face in three divisions: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3). The mandibular division also moves the chewing muscles.

9. 9. CN VI: name and function?

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   The abducens nerve supplies the lateral rectus, which turns the eye outward (abduction). It is motor. The name helps: abducens leads the eye away from the nose.

10. 10. CN VII: name and function?

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    The facial nerve is both sensory and motor. It moves the muscles of facial expression, carries taste from the front two thirds of the tongue, and sends parasympathetic fibers to the tear glands and to two of the salivary glands.

11. 11. CN VIII: name and function?

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    The vestibulocochlear nerve carries hearing (cochlear part) and balance (vestibular part). It is sensory only. It was once called the auditory or acoustic nerve.

12. 12. CN IX: name and function?

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    The glossopharyngeal nerve is both sensory and motor. It carries taste from the back third of the tongue and sensation from the throat, senses blood pressure and oxygen at the neck, and helps with swallowing. It also sends parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland.

13. 13. CN X: name and function?

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    The vagus nerve is both sensory and motor, and its name means wanderer. It runs from the head down through the chest and abdomen. It supplies the muscles of the throat and voice box and sends parasympathetic fibers to most organs of the chest and abdomen.

14. 14. CN XI: name and function?

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    The accessory nerve is motor. It supplies two muscles: the trapezius, which lifts the shoulder, and the sternocleidomastoid, which turns the head to the opposite side.

15. 15. CN XII: name and function?

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    The hypoglossal nerve is motor and moves the muscles of the tongue. If the nerve on one side is damaged, the tongue points toward the weak side when it is stuck out.

16. 16. Which nerves move the eye, and what is the mnemonic?

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    LR6 SO4, all the rest 3. The abducens (VI) supplies the lateral rectus, the trochlear (IV) supplies the superior oblique, and the oculomotor (III) supplies the other four extraocular muscles.

17. 17. Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?

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    III, VII, IX and X. Learn it as 3, 7, 9, 10. The oculomotor constricts the pupil, the facial and glossopharyngeal supply glands in the head, and the vagus supplies most organs of the chest and abdomen.

18. 18. Which three cranial nerves are purely sensory?

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    I, II and VIII: olfactory, optic and vestibulocochlear. In Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More, they sit under the words Some, Say and Says, which are the first, second and eighth words.

19. 19. Which nerves form the pupillary light reflex pathway?

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    Light on the retina sends the signal along the optic nerve (II), the afferent limb. The oculomotor nerve (III) carries the parasympathetic command back to the pupil, the efferent limb, so the pupil constricts. Both pupils respond because the signal crosses sides in the brainstem.

20. 20. Which nerves form the corneal reflex pathway?

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    Touching the cornea sends the signal along the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1), the afferent limb. The facial nerve (VII) carries the command to the eyelid muscles, the efferent limb, so the eyes blink.

Tre huskeregler for hjernenervene som er verdt å kunne

De fleste trenger tre huskeregler. Den første gir rekkefølgen, fra I til XII: On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed A Hop. Forbokstavene passer til olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory og hypoglossal. En annen populær versjon er Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, Ah. Velg én og hold deg til den, for å bytte mellom dem er det som forvirrer folk. Begge er engelske setninger som passer til nervenes engelske navn.

Den andre huskeregelen gir typen til hver nerve, sensorisk (S), motorisk (M) eller begge deler (B): Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. Lest bokstav for bokstav gir den S S M M B M B S B B M M for nerve I til XII. Den tredje er en huskeregel for øyets muskler: LR6 SO4, all the rest 3. Abducens (VI) styrer den ytre rette øyemuskelen, trochlearis (IV) styrer den øvre skrå øyemuskelen, og oculomotorius (III) styrer resten.

Slik bruker du settet

Start med de tre kortene med huskeregler, og skriv dem opp utenat. Gå deretter gjennom de tolv nervekortene i rekkefølge. Si for hver nerve nummer, navn og om den er sensorisk, motorisk eller begge deler, før du sjekker baksiden. Hvis du får det til for alle tolv, har du skjelettet.

Legg i andre runde til funksjonen og en detalj du ville blitt spurt om: hvilke muskler, hvilken del av tungen som tar smak, hvilken refleks. De siste fem kortene grupperer nervene etter mønstre, for eksempel hvilke som fører parasympatiske fibre, og hvilke nerver som danner de to refleksbuene eksamener bruker. Feilsvarte kort kommer tilbake i neste runde, så vær streng mot deg selv. Dette settet er anatomiøving til eksamener, ikke medisinsk råd.

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