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Alle 20 kort i dette sæt

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1. 1. What is the mnemonic for the names of the cranial nerves in order?

   Vis svar

   On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed A Hop. That gives olfactory (I), optic (II), oculomotor (III), trochlear (IV), trigeminal (V), abducens (VI), facial (VII), vestibulocochlear (VIII), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII).

2. 2. What is the second popular mnemonic for the names in order?

   Vis svar

   Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, Ah. The first ten words give O, O, O, T, T, A, F, V, G, V for nerves I to X, and the final Ah gives A and H for accessory and hypoglossal. Use whichever one you remember, but do not mix them.

3. 3. What mnemonic tells you if each nerve is sensory, motor or both?

   Vis svar

   Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. S means sensory, M motor and B both. So I, II and VIII are sensory; III, IV, VI, XI and XII are motor; and V, VII, IX and X are both.

4. 4. CN I: name and function?

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   The olfactory nerve carries the sense of smell. It is sensory only. Its fibers pass through the holes of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, from the nose up to the olfactory bulb.

5. 5. CN II: name and function?

   Vis svar

   The optic nerve carries vision from the retina to the brain. It is sensory only. It is also the afferent (incoming) limb of the pupillary light reflex.

6. 6. CN III: name and function?

   Vis svar

   The oculomotor nerve supplies most of the muscles that move the eye, and the muscle that lifts the upper eyelid. It also carries parasympathetic fibers that constrict the pupil. It is mainly motor.

7. 7. CN IV: name and function?

   Vis svar

   The trochlear nerve supplies one muscle, the superior oblique, which turns the eye down when it looks toward the nose and rotates it inward. It is motor, and it is the only cranial nerve that leaves from the back of the brainstem.

8. 8. CN V: name and function?

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   The trigeminal nerve is both sensory and motor. It carries touch, pain and temperature from the face in three divisions: ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2) and mandibular (V3). The mandibular division also moves the chewing muscles.

9. 9. CN VI: name and function?

   Vis svar

   The abducens nerve supplies the lateral rectus, which turns the eye outward (abduction). It is motor. The name helps: abducens leads the eye away from the nose.

10. 10. CN VII: name and function?

    Vis svar

    The facial nerve is both sensory and motor. It moves the muscles of facial expression, carries taste from the front two thirds of the tongue, and sends parasympathetic fibers to the tear glands and to two of the salivary glands.

11. 11. CN VIII: name and function?

    Vis svar

    The vestibulocochlear nerve carries hearing (cochlear part) and balance (vestibular part). It is sensory only. It was once called the auditory or acoustic nerve.

12. 12. CN IX: name and function?

    Vis svar

    The glossopharyngeal nerve is both sensory and motor. It carries taste from the back third of the tongue and sensation from the throat, senses blood pressure and oxygen at the neck, and helps with swallowing. It also sends parasympathetic fibers to the parotid gland.

13. 13. CN X: name and function?

    Vis svar

    The vagus nerve is both sensory and motor, and its name means wanderer. It runs from the head down through the chest and abdomen. It supplies the muscles of the throat and voice box and sends parasympathetic fibers to most organs of the chest and abdomen.

14. 14. CN XI: name and function?

    Vis svar

    The accessory nerve is motor. It supplies two muscles: the trapezius, which lifts the shoulder, and the sternocleidomastoid, which turns the head to the opposite side.

15. 15. CN XII: name and function?

    Vis svar

    The hypoglossal nerve is motor and moves the muscles of the tongue. If the nerve on one side is damaged, the tongue points toward the weak side when it is stuck out.

16. 16. Which nerves move the eye, and what is the mnemonic?

    Vis svar

    LR6 SO4, all the rest 3. The abducens (VI) supplies the lateral rectus, the trochlear (IV) supplies the superior oblique, and the oculomotor (III) supplies the other four extraocular muscles.

17. 17. Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?

    Vis svar

    III, VII, IX and X. Learn it as 3, 7, 9, 10. The oculomotor constricts the pupil, the facial and glossopharyngeal supply glands in the head, and the vagus supplies most organs of the chest and abdomen.

18. 18. Which three cranial nerves are purely sensory?

    Vis svar

    I, II and VIII: olfactory, optic and vestibulocochlear. In Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More, they sit under the words Some, Say and Says, which are the first, second and eighth words.

19. 19. Which nerves form the pupillary light reflex pathway?

    Vis svar

    Light on the retina sends the signal along the optic nerve (II), the afferent limb. The oculomotor nerve (III) carries the parasympathetic command back to the pupil, the efferent limb, so the pupil constricts. Both pupils respond because the signal crosses sides in the brainstem.

20. 20. Which nerves form the corneal reflex pathway?

    Vis svar

    Touching the cornea sends the signal along the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve (V1), the afferent limb. The facial nerve (VII) carries the command to the eyelid muscles, the efferent limb, so the eyes blink.

Tre huskeregler til hjernenerverne, som er værd at kunne

De fleste har brug for tre huskeregler. Den første giver rækkefølgen, fra I til XII: On Old Olympus' Towering Top, A Finn And German Viewed A Hop. Forbogstaverne passer til olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory og hypoglossal. En anden populær version er Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Good Velvet, Ah. Vælg én og hold fast i den, for at skifte mellem dem er det, der forvirrer folk. Begge er engelske sætninger, der passer til nervernes engelske navne.

Den anden huskeregel giver typen af hver nerve, sensorisk (S), motorisk (M) eller begge dele (B): Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More. Læst bogstav for bogstav giver den S S M M B M B S B B M M for nerve I til XII. Den tredje er en huskeregel til øjets muskler: LR6 SO4, all the rest 3. Abducens (VI) styrer den ydre rette øjenmuskel, trochlearis (IV) styrer den øvre skrå øjenmuskel, og oculomotorius (III) styrer resten.

Sådan bruger du sættet

Start med de tre kort med huskeregler, og skriv dem op udenad. Gå derefter de tolv nervekort igennem i rækkefølge. Sig for hver nerve nummer, navn og om den er sensorisk, motorisk eller begge dele, før du tjekker bagsiden. Hvis du kan det for alle tolv, har du skelettet.

Tilføj i anden runde funktionen og en detalje, du ville blive spurgt om: hvilke muskler, hvilken del af tungen til smag, hvilken refleks. De sidste fem kort grupperer nerverne efter mønstre, for eksempel hvilke der fører parasympatiske fibre, og hvilke nerver der danner de to reflekspunkter, eksamener bruger. Fejlede kort kommer tilbage i næste runde, så vær streng ved dig selv. Dette sæt er anatomiøvelse til eksamener, ikke lægeligt råd.

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