CDL General Knowledge-øveprøve

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1. 1. Federal rules require a commercial vehicle to carry a set of emergency equipment. Which set is correct?

   • A. A first aid kit, a tire pressure gauge and a flashlight
   • B. Two red flags, jumper cables and a spare fuel filter
   • C. Three red reflective warning triangles, at least one charged and rated fire extinguisher, and spare electrical fuses if the vehicle uses them
   • D. A wheel chock, a reflective vest and a spare drive belt
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: C. Three red reflective warning triangles, at least one charged and rated fire extinguisher, and spare electrical fuses if the vehicle uses them

   You check this equipment during the in-cab step of the seven step inspection, before you check the lights and start the walkaround. Warning devices mark your vehicle for other drivers when you have to stop on the shoulder, the extinguisher has to be charged and rated for what you haul, and fuses only apply if the vehicle uses them, since many use circuit breakers instead. A first aid kit and a flashlight are smart to carry, but they are not what the rule asks for.

2. 2. You are on the walkaround part of your pre-trip inspection. Which findings mean the vehicle should not go out until it is repaired?

   Vælg alle, der passer.

   • A. A steering axle tire measuring 3/32 inch of tread
   • B. A recapped tire on a drive axle
   • C. A cut in a tire deep enough to show the body ply underneath
   • D. A rear tire measuring 5/32 inch of tread
   • E. A crack running across the rim of a wheel
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: A. A steering axle tire measuring 3/32 inch of tread, C. A cut in a tire deep enough to show the body ply underneath, E. A crack running across the rim of a wheel

   Front tires carry the steering and the most load per tire, so they need more tread than the rest, and 3/32 inch is under the minimum. Any tire with fabric, body ply or belt material showing is unsafe no matter how much tread is left, and a cracked or bent rim can let a tire come off the wheel. A recapped tire is legal on a drive axle, and 5/32 inch on a rear tire is above the minimum, so neither of those grounds the vehicle.

3. 3. Complete the sentence.

   Federal rules set a minimum tread depth of _____ inch on the tires of the steering axle and _____ inch on every other tire.

   Muligheder for felt 1: 2/32, 4/32, 6/32, 8/32

   Muligheder for felt 2: 1/32, 2/32, 4/32

   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: 4/32, 2/32

   Measure in a major groove, not on a rib or a wear bar, and check more than one spot, since uneven wear can leave one shoulder legal and the other bald. Tread depth is one of the few numbers the general knowledge test asks you for directly. Uneven wear is also a clue to something else, so a front tire wearing on one edge usually means an alignment or inflation problem rather than a tire problem.

4. 4. You have to back into a space and you can choose which side to back toward. What is the safer choice and why?

   • A. Back toward the driver side, because you can see that side of the vehicle directly as well as in the mirror
   • B. Back toward the passenger side, because that mirror is convex and shows a wider view
   • C. Either side is equally safe as long as you use both mirrors
   • D. Back toward the passenger side, because oncoming traffic sees you sooner
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: A. Back toward the driver side, because you can see that side of the vehicle directly as well as in the mirror

   Backing toward the passenger side is blind side backing, and it forces you to trust one mirror for a whole quarter of the vehicle. A wider mirror view does not make up for losing the direct look. Whichever side you use, get out and walk the area first, back slowly, and if you have a helper, agree on hand signals in advance and keep the helper somewhere you can see in the mirror, with a clear signal that means stop.

5. 5. You are making a tight right turn at an intersection in a long vehicle. What is the correct technique?

   • A. Swing wide to the left first so the rear has room, then complete the turn
   • B. Move to the center of the road before the turn so nobody can come up on your right
   • C. Turn from the left lane whenever the corner looks tight
   • D. Keep the rear of the vehicle close to the curb and swing wide only as you complete the turn
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: D. Keep the rear of the vehicle close to the curb and swing wide only as you complete the turn

   The rear wheels follow a tighter path than the front wheels, which is called off tracking, so a long vehicle has to turn wide somewhere. Doing it at the end keeps the gap on your right closed. If you swing left first, a driver behind you may read it as a left turn or slip into the space on your right and get squeezed against the curb. If you cannot make the turn without crossing into the oncoming lane, wait until that lane is clear rather than starting the turn and hoping.

6. 6. Complete the sentence.

   Below 40 mph, allow one second of following distance for every _____ feet of vehicle length. At 55 mph, a 60 foot combination should therefore keep at least _____ seconds of space ahead.

   Muligheder for felt 1: 5, 10, 15, 20

   Muligheder for felt 2: 4, 5, 6, 7

   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: 10, 7

   Sixty feet divided by ten gives six seconds, and above 40 mph you add one more second, which makes seven. To count it, watch the vehicle ahead pass a fixed object such as a sign or an overpass shadow, then count the seconds until the front of your vehicle reaches the same point. Add more space on wet or icy roads, at night, and any time you are following something you cannot see past.

7. 7. Total stopping distance is the sum of which three distances?

   • A. Perception distance, braking distance and skid distance
   • B. Perception distance, reaction distance and braking distance
   • C. Reaction distance, braking distance and following distance
   • D. Sight distance, reaction distance and braking distance
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: B. Perception distance, reaction distance and braking distance

   Perception distance is how far you travel from the moment your eyes see a hazard until your brain recognizes it. Reaction distance is how far you travel from that recognition until your foot reaches the brake. Braking distance is how far the vehicle travels once the brakes are actually working. The model manual puts all three together at 55 mph on dry pavement with good brakes at roughly 335 feet, which is longer than a football field, and that is why looking far ahead buys you more than any braking technique.

8. 8. Which statements about speed and stopping are true?

   Vælg alle, der passer.

   • A. Braking distance grows in step with speed, so twice the speed means twice the distance
   • B. Doubling your speed roughly quadruples the braking distance
   • C. An empty truck can need a longer stopping distance than a loaded one
   • D. Wet pavement makes no difference as long as the tires have legal tread
   • E. Posted curve speeds are set with cars in mind, so a heavy vehicle often has to go slower than the sign
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: B. Doubling your speed roughly quadruples the braking distance, C. An empty truck can need a longer stopping distance than a loaded one, E. Posted curve speeds are set with cars in mind, so a heavy vehicle often has to go slower than the sign

   Braking distance grows with the square of speed, so the jump from 20 to 40 mph costs you about four times the distance, not two. An empty truck feels nimble but has less weight pressing its tires down, and its brakes and suspension are built for a load, so it can skid and stop poorly. On wet roads the usual guidance is to cut your speed by about a third, on packed snow by about half, and on ice to slow to a crawl and get off the road as soon as you safely can.

9. 9. How far ahead should you be looking while you drive?

   • A. About 2 to 4 seconds ahead, since that is where a hazard would actually reach you
   • B. Only as far as your headlights reach, so you do not miss what is close
   • C. About 12 to 15 seconds ahead, which is roughly a quarter mile at highway speed
   • D. About 30 seconds ahead, which is roughly a mile at highway speed
   Vis svar og forklaring

   Svar: C. About 12 to 15 seconds ahead, which is roughly a quarter mile at highway speed

   Twelve to fifteen seconds is about one city block in town and about a quarter mile on the highway. At that range you still have time to slow smoothly or change lanes instead of braking hard. Looking far ahead does not mean staring at one point, so keep scanning near and far and check your mirrors every five to eight seconds, more often when traffic is heavy or you are near other vehicles.

10. 10. Why should you shift into a low gear before you start down a long, steep grade?

    • A. Because engine braking then helps hold your speed, and the transmission may not let you get into a low gear once you are already rolling fast
    • B. Because a low gear increases air flow through the radiator and stops the engine overheating
    • C. Because the higher the gear, the harder the service brakes hold
    • D. Because a low gear locks the drive axles together and gives you extra traction
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: A. Because engine braking then helps hold your speed, and the transmission may not let you get into a low gear once you are already rolling fast

    Gravity keeps adding speed the whole way down, so the gear does the steady work and the brakes are there to supplement it, not to carry the descent alone. Brakes that are held on continuously heat up and fade, and by the time you notice that they are fading you have very little left. Your safe speed depends on the weight, the length and steepness of the grade, the road surface and the weather, so read the signs at the top and know where the escape ramps are before you need one.

11. 11. Complete the sentence.

    Cargo held down with tiedowns needs at least one tiedown for every _____ feet of cargo, and no load, however short, may have fewer than _____ tiedowns.

    Muligheder for felt 1: 5, 8, 10, 12

    Muligheder for felt 2: one, two, three

    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: 10, two

    The count is only half of it, since the combined working load limit of the tiedowns has to be at least half the weight of the cargo they hold. Securement is also the driver's job even when someone else loaded the trailer, so inspect the load before you leave, again within the first 50 miles, and then every 150 miles or every 3 hours, whichever comes first. Weight that sits too high raises the center of gravity and makes a rollover in a curve or an exit ramp much easier.

12. 12. A fire starts in the wiring behind your dashboard. Which extinguisher is right, and what must you not do?

    • A. A class A extinguisher, and do not aim at the base of the flames
    • B. Water, and do not open the hood
    • C. A class D extinguisher, and do not shut the engine off
    • D. A B:C or A:B:C extinguisher, and do not put water on an electrical fire
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: D. A B:C or A:B:C extinguisher, and do not put water on an electrical fire

    Class A covers ordinary combustibles like wood, paper and cloth, class B covers burning liquids such as fuel and grease, class C covers electrical fires and class D covers burning metals. Water conducts electricity and it spreads a liquid fire instead of putting it out, so the B:C rating is what matters here. Before you use it, pull well off the road away from buildings and other vehicles, shut the engine off, call for help, then stay upwind, aim at the base of the flames and use short bursts. Only fight a fire that is small enough for you to handle.

13. 13. You are approaching a railroad crossing with no gate and a clear view of the track. What should you do?

    • A. Shift down as you reach the rails so you can accelerate away quickly
    • B. Stay in one gear the whole way across, and do not start across unless you can clear the far side without stopping
    • C. Stop on the near rail, look both ways, then move on
    • D. Speed up so you spend less time on the tracks
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: B. Stay in one gear the whole way across, and do not start across unless you can clear the far side without stopping

    Changing gears on the crossing is how drivers end up stalled on the rails, so pick your gear before the tracks and hold it. A tractor and trailer needs roughly 14 to 15 seconds to clear a single track, longer for a double track, so you have to see room for the whole vehicle on the far side before you start. Watch for raised or humped crossings if you drive anything low slung, and remember that buses and some placarded loads have to stop at every crossing whether or not a train is coming.

14. 14. Which statements about skids are true?

    Vælg alle, der passer.

    • A. Most skids happen because the vehicle was going too fast for the conditions
    • B. Black ice is easy to spot because it turns the pavement white
    • C. Pressing harder on the accelerator is the quickest way to straighten out a skid
    • D. In a drive wheel skid caused by braking too hard, you stop braking, let the wheels roll again, then countersteer
    • E. In a front wheel skid the vehicle keeps going straight no matter which way you turn the steering wheel
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: A. Most skids happen because the vehicle was going too fast for the conditions, D. In a drive wheel skid caused by braking too hard, you stop braking, let the wheels roll again, then countersteer, E. In a front wheel skid the vehicle keeps going straight no matter which way you turn the steering wheel

    Skids are mostly a speed problem, whether that is braking too hard, turning too fast or accelerating too hard on a slick surface. A drive wheel skid ends when the wheels start rolling again, so you release the brake or ease off the accelerator first, then steer back the other way as the rear comes into line. A front wheel skid is different, because the steering tires have already lost their grip, so the only cure is to let the vehicle slow until they bite again. Black ice is a thin clear layer and the road just looks wet, so watch your mirror arms and antenna for ice as a warning.

15. 15. Which statement about alcohol and a CDL is correct?

    • A. A CDL holder is held to the same blood alcohol limit as any other driver in the state
    • B. Coffee, fresh air or a cold shower will bring a blood alcohol level down faster
    • C. Alcohol only affects a driver once the legal limit has been passed
    • D. Driving a commercial vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.04 or higher is a violation, and any detectable alcohol puts the driver out of service
    Vis svar og forklaring

    Svar: D. Driving a commercial vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration of 0.04 or higher is a violation, and any detectable alcohol puts the driver out of service

    The commercial limit of 0.04 is half the 0.08 that applies to ordinary drivers in most states, and detectable alcohol below 0.04 still gets you placed out of service for 24 hours. Drivers are also barred from drinking within four hours of going on duty. Judgment, reaction time and vision all get worse well before any legal limit is reached, and only time removes alcohol from the body, so nothing you drink or do speeds it up.

Hvad CDL general knowledge-prøven faktisk dækker

Alle, der søger et commercial driver license i USA, tager general knowledge-prøven, uanset hvilken klasse køretøj de vil køre. Det er en skriftlig prøve, din delstat afholder, og den er bygget på delstatens egen CDL-manual, som du kan hente gratis hos delstatens kørekortmyndighed. De fleste delstatsmanualer er let redigerede udgaver af AAMVA's model manual, så indholdet ligger tæt på det samme overalt. Antallet af spørgsmål og beståelsesgrænsen fastsættes af delstaten, ikke af en national myndighed. Firs procent er den mest almindelige grænse, men det eneste tal, der er værd at stole på, er det, der står i din egen delstats manual eller på delstatens kørekortside. Du skal bestå den her prøve, før du kan tage nogen prøve til en påtegning, og før du kan booke køreprøven.

Indholdet kommer fra nogle få kapitler i den manual. Driving safely fylder mest: eftersyn af køretøjet, grundlæggende betjening, gearskifte, at se og signalere, styring af afstand og fart, at spotte farer, undvigemanøvrer, udskridning og hvordan man retter op, kørsel om natten, om vinteren, i varme og i bjerge, jernbaneoverskæringer, procedurer ved uheld og brand. Transporting cargo safely lægger vægt, balance og sikring af gods oveni. Så kommer driver fitness, reglerne om alkohol og stoffer, og de grundlæggende hours of service-grænser for førere med gods, i øjeblikket 11 timers kørsel efter 10 sammenhængende timer fri, inden for et vindue på 14 timer. De føderale hours of service-regler bliver revideret, så bekræft dem mod den gældende FMCSA-regel frem for mod et gammelt papir.

Det, der varierer fra delstat til delstat, er alt det omkring indholdet: gebyret, hvor mange forsøg du får, hvor længe du venter mellem omprøver, om prøven er på papir eller på en touchskærm, og om der er oplæsning. Air brakes, combination vehicles, tankers, doubles and triples, passenger, school bus og hazardous materials er alle selvstændige prøver med deres egne spørgsmål, så general knowledge er den første skriftlige prøve og ikke hele den skriftlige eksamen. De føderale regler om entry level driver training har også været gældende siden 2022 og ændrer, hvornår du kan gå op til køreprøven og til hazmat-teoriprøven. Tjek din delstats side for den aktuelle rækkefølge.

Sådan bruger du smagsprøven

De her 15 spørgsmål holder sig inden for general knowledge-stoffet og går dybere end en blandet CDL-smagsprøve ville. De spørger, hvorfor en regel findes, ikke kun hvad den siger: hvorfor du bakker mod førersiden, hvorfor en tom lastbil kan være sværere at standse end en fuld, hvorfor det lave gear skal i før bakken og ikke halvvejs nede. Den begrundelse er det, der holder tallene fast i hovedet på prøvedagen, og det er også det, vejen kræver af dig bagefter. Spørgsmål om air brakes, kobling og placards mangler her med vilje, for de hører til deres egne prøver og deres egne sider, som du finder link til nedenfor. Læser du op til mere end én skriftlig prøve, så kør de smagsprøver i hver sin omgang frem for at blande det hele sammen.

Tag den i ét stræk med manualen lukket, og læs derefter forklaringen til hvert spørgsmål, også dem du svarede rigtigt på. Behandl et forkert svar som et kapitel, der skal læses igen, frem for som et enkelt faktum, der skal terpes. Missede du spørgsmålet om afstand til forankørende og spørgsmålet om bremselængde, er emnet, du skal tilbage til, styring af afstand som helhed, ikke de to tal. En kort liste af tal er faktisk værd at kunne udenad, for prøven spørger lige ud til dem: de to mindste mønsterdybder, reglen om ét sekund per 10 feet, de tre dele af bremselængden, én surring per 10 feet gods med mindst to i alt, og alkoholgrænsen på 0,04. Resten kan du for det meste ræsonnere dig frem til.

Læs så selve manualen. Den er gratis, du kan komme igennem den på nogle få aftener, og de rigtige spørgsmål kommer ud af den. Er et tal, du har læst et andet sted, uenigt med din delstats manual, vinder manualen, for det er din delstat, der har skrevet prøven. Den her smagsprøve kan heller ikke dække alt, der kan komme op. Kørsel om natten, tjek i varmt vejr, bjergkørsel, uopmærksom og aggressiv kørsel, hvor dine advarselstrekanter skal stå, når du er standset i nødsporet, og hvad du gør på et ulykkessted er alt sammen på prøven, og intet af det er blandt de her 15 spørgsmål. En hurtig måde at finde de huller på er at skimme kapiteloverskrifterne og markere hver eneste, du ikke kunne opsummere i én sætning.

Sådan bygger StudyPDF fulde øveprøver ud fra dit eget materiale

Femten spørgsmål kan vise dig, hvor du vakler. De kan ikke gøre dig klar alene, og en generisk spørgsmålsbank ved ikke, hvilken delstatsmanual du læser i, eller hvad din køreskole lægger mest vægt på.

StudyPDF arbejder ud fra dit materiale i stedet. Du uploader din delstats CDL-manual, papirerne fra din køreskole eller de noter, du tog i timen, og Bo, studieagenten, bygger fulde øveprøver ud fra præcis de sider. Hvert spørgsmål bygger på dit materiale, og hver forklaring peger på, hvor svaret kommer fra, så du kan gå direkte til siden, når noget ser skævt ud. Du kan lave nye prøver så tit du vil, holde dem på ét område som sikring af gods eller styring af afstand, og følge med i hvilke emner du bliver ved med at ramme forkert.

Du behøver ikke et dokument for at komme i gang. Har du ikke noget at uploade, så nævn et emne i stedet, for eksempel det syvtrins eftersyn eller hvordan man retter op på en udskridning, så skriver Bo en øveprøve ud fra det. Gratis at komme i gang.